Reddit reviews Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism since 1979 (Cambridge Middle East Studies)
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https://www.amazon.com/Salafi-Jihadism-History-Idea-SHIRAZ-MAHER/dp/0141986263/ref=pd_lpo_sbs_14_t_1?_encoding=UTF8&psc=1&refRID=AS9G2MR5E5QMT5S7HDPD
https://www.amazon.com/Jihad-Saudi-Arabia-Pan-Islamism-Cambridge/dp/0521732360
http://www.defence.gov.au/ADC/Publications/IndoPac/Wimhurst_IPSP_Nov16_(updated).pdf
https://ctc.usma.edu/constructing-takfir-from-abdullah-azzam-to-djamel-zitouni/
https://www.managementboek.nl/code/inkijkexemplaar/9781783262878/the-father-of-jihad-engels-muhammed-haniff-hassan.pdf
http://www.abc.net.au/religion/sayyid-qutb-father-of-salafi-jihadism-forerunner-of-the-islamic-/10096380
If you want to understand the history and origin of modern Jihadism, you should start with Sayed Qutb. All jihadist Islamists (and note not all Islamists are jihadist), Sunni or Shi'a, derive their beliefs from him.
Islamism, the belief Islam should have a role in governance, has existed since the inception of Islam. Offensive jihadism on the other hand, in the grand scheme of things, is a modern phenomenon.
When Iran says they want to 'export the Islamic Revolution' and they act upon this statement through financing terrorism, this is offensive jihadism and was adopted from Sayed Qutb (who the Fedayeen e Islami, which Khomeini was a part of, was close to)
When ISIS says they want to "conquer Rome" (as in they want to establish a Caliphate in Europe), same principle but from a Sunni perspective.
Just how much do you know about Saudi Arabia or the Saudi political system? I ask because in your first sentence, you state that a decapitation strike against the Saudi government pushes the royal family from power, yet the House of Saud is comprised of roughly 15,000 people--2,000 of which have power in one form or another in the government. Additionally, there are systems in place to help facilitate succession of the kingdom. And there are entire military services dedicated to ensuring the security of the government against internal threats. So the idea of a decapitation strike is fairly unlikely, which is to say nothing of the numerous other political and societal structures in place that would either facilitate or inhibit any attempt at a coup (especially by a non-state actor).
Before you continue drafting your storyline, I encourage you to read up on the history of Saudi Arabia, political Islam and Islamic extremism, and the international relations of the Arab World. Additionally, I would suggest taking a greater look at the Grand Mosque seizure of 1979 and its aftermath, and instances of a monarchy being overthrown by a non-royal entity. The coups against King Farouk of Egypt (1952), King Faisal II of Iraq (1958), King Idris I of Libya (1969), and the attempted coup against King Hussayn of Jordan (1970) might be good places to start. Not all of them will be applicable to you, but it should give you an idea of what a coup entails, what a successful coup looks like, and what the aftermath is.
With that in mind, I suggest the following books as a place to start:
History of Saudi Arabia and the Arab World
Middle East Politics
Islam and Political Islam
Jihadism and Islamic Extremism