Reddit reviews King James & the History of Homosexuality

https://www.amazon.com/James-History-Homosexuality-Michael-Young/dp/0814796931

This book claims that King James has been accused of homosexual conduct even while he was a live and that his "endeavours" created problems for his heirs' rule. That's as "pre-modern" as you can get.

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> There were no other "gender identities" before roughly the middle of the 20th century.

Long before Cook’s arrival in Hawaii, a multiple gender tradition existed among the Kanaka Maoli indigenous society. The mahu could be biological males or females inhabiting a gender role somewhere between or encompassing both the masculine and feminine. Their social role is sacred as educators and promulgators of ancient traditions and rituals.

In pre-colonial Andean culture, the Incas worshipped the chuqui chinchay, a dual-gendered god. Third-gender ritual attendants or shamans performed sacred rituals to honor this god. The quariwarmi shamans wore androgynous clothing as “a visible sign of a third space that negotiated between the masculine and the feminine, the present and the past, the living and the dead.”

Prior to colonization, the Ankole people in what is now Uganda elected a woman to dress as a man and thereby become an oracle to the god Mukasa.

Among the Sakalavas of Madagaskar, little boys thought to have a feminine appearance were raised as girls. The Antandroy and Hova called their gender crossers sekrata who, like women, wore their hair long and in decorative knots, inserted silver coins in pierced ears, and wore many bracelets on their arms, wrists and ankles.

The indigenous Zapotec culture of Oaxaca is not divided by the usual dichotomies: gay or straight, male or female. There's a commonly accepted third category of mixed gender — people called muxes. (said to derive from mujer — Spanish for "woman"). Some are men who live as women, or who identify beyond a single gender.

Fa'afafine are people who identify themselves as a third-gender in Samoa, American Samoa and the Samoan diaspora. A recognized gender identity/gender role since at least the early 20th century in Samoan society, and some theorize an integral part of traditional Samoan culture, fa'afafine are male at birth, and explicitly embody both masculine and feminine gender traits, fashioned in a way unique to this part of the world.

In Pakistan and Bangladesh, the hijras are officially recognized as third gender by the government, being neither completely male nor female. In India also, transgender people have been given the status of third gender and are protected as per the law despite the social ostracism. The term more commonly advocated by social workers and transgender community members themselves is khwaja sira and can identify the individual as a transsexual person, transgender person (khusras), cross-dresser (zenanas) or eunuch (narnbans).

Kathoey or katoey refers to either a transgender woman or an effeminate gay male in Thailand. A significant number of Thais perceive kathoeys as belonging to a third gender, including many kathoeys themselves, while others see them as either a kind of man or a kind of woman. However, when considering transgender women (MtF) as a group in Thai society, most refer to themselves as phuying ("women"), with a minority referring to themselves as phuying praphet song (a "second kind of woman") and only very few referring to themselves as kathoey.

Two Spirit (also two-spirit or twospirit) is a modern umbrella term used by some indigenous North Americans to describe certain spiritual people - gay, lesbian, bisexual and gender-variant individuals - in their communities. The term was adopted in 1990 at an Indigenous lesbian and gay international gathering to encourage the replacement of the anthropological term berdache.

"Two Spirit" is not interchangeable with "LGBT Native American"; this title differs from most western, mainstream definitions of sexuality and gender identity in that it is not so much about whom one sleeps with, or how one personally identifies; rather, it is a sacred, spiritual and ceremonial role that is recognized and confirmed by the Elders of the Two Spirit's ceremonial community. While some have found the term a useful tool for intertribal organizing, not all Native cultures conceptualize gender or sexuality this way, and most tribes use names in their own languages. While some terms are not always appropriate or welcome, "two spirit" has generally received more acceptance and use than the term it replaced.

>There were crossdressers and autogynephilia

Autogynephia is not a real diagnosis, never has been, never will be. It's a crackpot theory pulled from out of Ray Blanchard's ass.

There are several significant reasons to question the use of autogynephilia as a pathognomonic clinical sign for non-homosexual MTFs and its inclusion in the DSM:

1. The purported clinical significance (Blanchard, 1993a) of Blanchard's Autogynephila Theory(BAT) is not clear. The focus on autogynephilia may have led to other factors being ignored
   or not investigated. It has created a new stereotype to which prospective SRS patients must now adhere.
   
   
2. Some proponents of the BAT have asserted that non-homosexual MTFs who do not report autogynephilia are “autogynephiles in denial” and that homosexual MTFs who report autogynephilia are mistaken. Invalidating the experiences of those MTFs on the basis of our current level of knowledge is inappropriate, disrespectful, and possibly detrimental to
   individual.
   
   
3. Last bit not least, BAT implies that sexual orientation and gender identity are not independent concepts. The ramification of that finding has profound implications. Are all gender manifestations secondary to sexual orientation? Are all gay men somewhat feminine and all lesbians somewhat masculine? Are all feminine heterosexual men and masculine heterosexual women denying their homosexuality? Will we resurrect the concept of “latent homosexuality”?
   
   BAT proponents are not suggesting any of these propositions, but the questions do flow out of the theory.
   
   Have some real science to back it up, you know, like a paper published in a peer-reviewed journal.
   
   Blanchard's Autogynephilia Theory: A Critique
   
   > Secular society and non-Abrahamic religions also opposed homosexuality.
   
   King James was a flaming and wanton homosexual.
   
   James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death.
   
   Personal relationships of James VI and I
   
   The Homosexual Tendencies of King James: Should this Matter to Bible Readers Today?
   
   King James & the History of Homosexuality
   
   King James and Letters of Homoerotic Desire