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Typically companies do not publish full details about their IP, because then it would be easy to copy them and they would lose any competitive advantage they have. However, there is a remarkable amount of detail about how processors work, as many of the old techniques for branch prediction, caching and so forth are still around. There is a good (and free!) Udacity course called "High-Performance Computer Architecture" where some of these things can be learned. I can also recommend the books "Advanced Computer Architecture: A Design Space Approach" (Sima) and "Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach" (Hennessey & Patterson). The website Real World Tech post some very informative articles where they dive deep into the microarchitecture of Intel processors (such as this Haswell writeup) and others. Another port of call is the ecosystem of RISC-V, an open-source instruction set. They have a partial list of core and SoC implementations that you could pick through. If you fancy looking into GPUs, the book "Real-Time Rendering" (Akenine-Moller et al.) will start you off with the basics of the graphics pipeline. Both AMD and NVIDIA publish varying amounts of information about how their GPUs. The Broadcom VideoCore-IV has had full microarchitecture specs published, which you can find easily with Google.

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If you really want to learn this stuff in detail, I would highly recommend designing a CPU/GPU and writing a simulator of it. Start by designing an instruction set, then building a very simple scalar in-order processor. Then add features such as branch prediction, register renaming, out-of-order execution and so forth. At University I wrote a CPU simulator for my Advanced Architecture class, then a cutdown GPU simulator for my Master's Thesis project. From these I managed to land an awesome job writing GPU simulators, so if computer architecture is something you want to pursue as a career I can strongly recommend completing a project like this. You will learn plenty and have something to talk about with potential employers.

Good luck!

This book :

https://www.amazon.com/But-How-Know-Principles-Computers-ebook/dp/B00F25LEVC

is a great point to start. I remember two semesters before computer architecture course, I read this. This book opened my eye to the "Digital Electronics" world and I learned a lot. I Highly recommend that.